Dogs’ Sense of Smell: What Can Dogs Smell?

There’s a reason that sweet little nose is always pressed to the ground.

October 4, 2023

Dogs use their sense of smell to perceive the world in a way that is very different from humans. Dogs have a much larger olfactory bulb, which is responsible for processing smells, than humans. They can also use their sense of smell to detect bombs and drugs. Dogs are often used in search and rescue operations because of their keen sense of smell.

Dogs use their sense of smell to create an image of their environment in a way that people do not. This allows them to be aware of territorial changes, locate sustenance (what dog doesn’t love street food?), and avoid dangers. Although much research has been done on dogs’ amazing sense of smell, scientists routinely find new odors that dogs can recognize and are able to leverage dogs’ abilities to benefit medicine, protect endangered species, and assist humans with medical conditions.

Anatomy of a dog’s nose

Understanding a dog’s smelling sense requires some knowledge of the difference between sniffing and smelling. Smelling is the unconscious processing of evaluating what’s in the air. No extra effort is needed for smelling, it just comes along as a part of breathing. Sniffing is the conscious act of scanning the environment for information by breathing in a rhythmic pattern through the nose.

Interestingly, most dogs have a right-sided preference when sniffing. They start sniffing through the right nostril and only switch to the left side if the smell is familiar or non-threatening. This is thought to happen because the right side of the brain handles the processing of new information, while the left side of the brain uses memory to determine how to respond appropriately to familiar scents. Try to see if you can spot which nostril your dog is sniffing with next time you’re out with them.

Some basic anatomy is needed to understand how scents are processed after your dog inhales. A dog’s sense of smell is best understood by following the path of air as they breathe:

Nostrils: These are the visible openings through which air enters into the nose.
Nasal passages: After entering through the nostrils, air travels through the nasal passages, which help to warm and remove larger particles from it. Most of the air moves onto the pharynx (throat) then into the lungs, butabout 12 percent of it goes into a deeper part of the nose that processes odors.
Olfactory epithelium: In the deeper part of the nose, the lining of airways changes to olfactory epithelium, which is made up of three different cell types. Olfactory receptor cells are the most important cell type for a dog’s sense of smell. These specialized neurons are activated when chemicals in the air bind to them. The number and variety of cells activated indicates the intensity and type of smell detected to the brain.
Olfactory nerve: The signals from the olfactory epithelium move along this nerve to reach the brain.
Olfactory bulb: This specialized region of the brain filters information from the outside world. It de-emphasizes background odors and enhances sensitivity to new, interesting, or threatening odors. From here, the info about the scents is sent to appropriate parts of the brain to see if it matches a remembered smell or triggers a conscious response.

Information from most other senses “crosses over” before entering the brain. For example, touch to the right hand is processed by the left side of the brain first. Scent information does not cross over. It follows a straight path from the scent-detecting neurons on one side of the nose to the same side of the brain. Dogs’ right-nosedness (probably not a word, but whatever) is likely due to this. Reacting quickly and instinctively to scent information helps keep dogs safe from danger.

To further complicate things, dogs have something called the vomeronasal organ located above the roof of the mouth and beneath the nasal cavity. This specialized organ detects pheromones through small ducts behind a dog’s upper incisors. If you’ve ever seen a dog curling and lifting their upper lip when smelling something (especially a female dog’s urine), they’re making that funny face to open those ducts and allow more pheromones to reach the vomeronasal organ.

How far can a dog smell?

Dogs can smell things from quite far off, across both distance and time. In field trials, dogs have been shown to be able to smell whale feces over a mile away. That is a very specialized skill set, but it is likely very helpful to the people tracking the health of whales.

A dog’s ability to pick up a scent will depend greatly on local conditions. The direction of the wind is likely the biggest determining factor, but other environmental conditions like humidity, fog, rain, and terrain play a role as well. Humidity helps carry scent particles into the nose, but rain can push smells closer to the ground and make it more challenging for dogs to track them.

Scent dogs like bloodhounds can trace a human’s path through a busy city after the person has passed through the area. That means your dog may be figuring out what happened days ago when they while out for a walk.

How does a dog’s sense of smell compare to a human’s?

It’s hard to know exactly how much stronger a dog’s sense of smell is than a human’s. Dogs have more olfactory receptor cells than humans (100-300 million vs. 5-6 million). In addition, their olfactory bulb (remember that?) is about three times larger than a human’s. But does all this extra processing power translate to an improved sense of smell?

It was assumed for a long time that humans had an inferior sense of smell to most other mammals, including dogs. It turns out that humans have a pretty decent sense of smell despite their relatively small olfactory system. Dogs may be able to pick up on more subtle scents, but humans do a good job of using their sense of smell to recognize food, communicate socially, determine reproductive status (not weird at all), and gather information about their environment.

Because their eyesight is less sharp than a human’s, dogs rely on their sense of smell much more than people do. This doesn’t mean that people can’t use their noses though. In a completely wild 2007 study, researchers at the University of California Berkeley found that people with their eyes and ears completely occluded were able to locate and track a scent by crawling and sniffing the ground like a dog. They weren’t quite as good as dogs at this, but they did improve significantly over time, meaning that humans may be able to consistently scent track given enough practice.

Does my dog know me by my scent?

Your dog definitely knows you by your scent. If the breeze is blowing in the right direction, they likely smell you (even if you’ve bathed) before they see you. A 2015 study showed that the part of dogs’ brains associated with reward processes was consistently activated when exposed to a familiar human’s scent. This area of the brain is the same one that activates when people are shown pictures of beloved family members. This response was not present or not as strong with other scents.

Dogs can even tell if you’re , happy, or fearful based on your scent. That extra bit of cuddling when you’re feeling down isn’t a coincidence — your dog can smell when you need some extra attention.

How can dogs use their sense of smell?

The ways that dogs can use their sense of smell is likely somewhat limited by humans’ imagination. Researchers frequently find new substances or conditions that dogs can smell and be trained to recognize. Training a dog to alert to a particular smell is a long and challenging process but the payoff includes things like recognizing medical conditions, pinpointing dangerous substances, or locating missing people.

Service animal for human health conditions

Service dogs have existed for a long time, starting in recent history with seeing eye dogs that assisted visually impaired people after World War I. Over time, it became apparent that dogs could use their sense of smell to a number of medical conditions, including:

Tracking and trailing scents over long distances

One of the reasons that dogs have grown to be so intertwined with humans is their ability to track scents and trail animals for hunters. This skill is used primarily for sport hunting in the US now, but dogs around the world are still relied on to assist with sustenance hunting. Many breeds were developed specifically for their ability to track prey using their sense of smell over long distances.

Assisting in search and rescue jobs

Dogs have been used to search for victims after floods, earthquakes, plane crashes, building collapses, and avalanches. These dogs’ training uses their sense of smell to allow them to search large areas quickly. This can help locate trapped people so they can be rescued as quickly as possible.

A separate group of dogs, called cadaver dogs, have the unenviable job of finding human remains. These dogs can detect bodies in water, above ground, or below ground. This can be important in confirming deaths after tragedies, giving closure to family members, and assuring an appropriate final disposition for remains.

Helping to detect other animals

A dog’s keen sense of smell can be used by scientists, researchers, and environmentalists to assist in a variety of ways.

Dogs have been trained to seek out invasive species so that the success of control measures can be tracked.
They’ve also been used to detect parasites in agricultural operations, which allows the infected plants to be culled before the infestation spreads.
Finally, dogs can use their scent tracking capabilities to help scientists locate the feces of endangered species, allowing them to better track population numbers and habits.

Can training improve a dog's scent detection skills?

Training won’t change a dog’s innate ability to detect scents or affect how well a dog can smell. Training can help dogs hone their ability to react to certain scents and relay that information to their human handlers.

Dogs that have received extensive, specialized training can lock onto faint scents and trace them to their source. A dog would still smell these substances without training but would generally not think of them as worthy of note. It’s only when locating the scent is linked to a reward that it becomes significant to a dog.

For instance, dogs don’t normally consider the smell of subterranean termites significant. They’re just bugs. Dogs don’t generally concern themselves with bugs or care much about the structural integrity of buildings. But if sniffing out a termite colony is linked to a reward, the same dog that would have ignored the smell of termites becomes invested in figuring out where they are.

Common health concerns related to dog noses

Dog noses are sensitive tools and help dictate the way they perceive the world. Some diseases can affect a dog’s ability to smell and even lead to a permanent loss or impairment of their sense of smell. Some of the more common health problems that could affect a dog’s sense of smell include:

Nasal cavity tumors
Trauma to the nose or sinuses
Canine distemper
Viral, bacterial, or fungal upper respiratory infections
Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenocorticism)
Hypothyroidism
Diabetes mellitus
Allergies
Brain tumors

Many of these conditions result in a transient loss or dulling of dogs’ sense of smell that resolves once the infection is cleared or the underlying condition is controlled. Dogs without a sense of smell can still lead happy lives, but they may take some time to learn to rely on their other senses.

How does age affect my dog’s sense of smell?

As with most senses, a dog’s sense of smell dulls with age. Research has shown that older dogs have a decreased number of sensory cells within the area of their nose that picks up scents. They also experience changes in their olfactory bulb like those seen in the brains of humans with Alzheimer's disease.

These age-related changes likely affect a senior dog’s overall sense of smell. Humans have similar changes to their olfactory system and commonly experience a worsening sense of smell starting in their 70s. It’s not all bad news for older dogs though. Older dogs are much better at processing and distinguishing scents due to the large library of odors they’ve built over time. They’re able to use this scent memory to better understand and adapt to their environment.

Even if a dog’s sense of smell has faded with time, they’ll still use it to explore their surroundings and recognize their favorite people. Allowing your dog to sniff to their heart’s content can be frustrating when you just want to get back inside from a walk, but letting them fully explore their environment provides enrichment and entertainment. Try to be patient and give them a little extra time to track down an interesting scent or two. Just try to spot any street food before your dog does. Having a great sense of smell doesn’t stop dogs from eating some very questionable things.

FAQs (People also ask):

Do dogs recognize their own scent?

Dogs can differentiate their scent from those of familiar and unknown dogs. This ability helps them to know what territory they’ve already marked and how other dogs are interacting with their markings.

Why is allowing my dog to sniff important?

Dogs should be allowed to sniff because it is one of the major ways they gather information about their surroundings. Sniffing allows them to know what other animals have been around, if there is danger in the area, and other useful info.

Why do dogs have wet noses?

Dog noses are wet due to nasal secretions, licking, and environmental conditions. Dogs can only sweat through the surface of their nose and their footpads. A moist nose does not indicate health and a dry nose does not indicate illness.

References:

Dr. Bartley Harrison, DVM

Dr. Bartley Harrison, DVM is a small animal veterinarian based in North Carolina who has practiced emergency medicine since graduating from the Texas A&M College of Veterinary Medicine. His primary interest areas include pain management, cardiology, and the treatment of shock.

He is a member of the Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care Society, American Veterinary Medical Association, and American Medical Writers Association. In addition to his clinical work, he writes pet health articles to help provide accurate information for both new and experienced pet parents. When he’s not working, he enjoys cooking, traveling, reading, and going on adventures with his dog.