Could Your Dog Have Autism? Here’s What the Experts Say

Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) affect over 2.20 percent of adults in the United States (1–3 percent in the UK), and one in every 100 children is diagnosed with ASD every year. Dogs can sometimes display behavioural characteristics and traits that we interpret to be human-like, and for some dogs this includes traits that we commonly associate with ASD. But can dogs actually be on the autism spectrum?

Can dogs be diagnosed with autism?

While dogs can display traits that we interpret to resemble autism in humans, there is no officially recognised diagnosis of ASD in dogs. However, human autism traits when seen in dogs are often grouped under the term ‘canine dysfunctional behaviour’ (CDB).

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While not an official medical term, “CDB is a term that’s been used to describe a range of behaviours in dogs, and some of those can be similar to the autistic spectrum [in humans],” says Caroline Wilkinson, certified animal behaviourist and founder of digital pet coaching service Barket Place.

Dr Kathryn Dench, MA VetMB agrees: “While dogs cannot be diagnosed with autism as humans can, certain atypical behaviours and neurodevelopmental anomalies in dogs are often likened to ASD in humans. These observations are primarily based on behavioural traits and neurological assessments.”

It’s important when we talk about autism and dogs in this way to understand that we are the ones interpreting and likening dog behaviours to those of the human condition of ASD. This is a form of anthropomorphisation, so we must be careful with statements that suggest dogs are exhibiting ASD behaviours when really it’s us interpreting their behaviours and applying them to a human condition.

Understanding Canine Dysfunctional Behaviour (CDB)

Canine dysfunctional behaviour (CDB) is not necessarily a neurological condition like ASD in humans. Rather, it’s a term used to describe a group of symptoms and behaviours in dogs that appear to humans to present as ASD-like. Symptoms of canine dysfunctional behavior can include obsessive compulsive behaviours, inappropriate responses to situations or stimuli, and poor communication skills.

Recent research has identified some interesting parallels between dogs with CDB and children with autism. A groundbreaking 2024 study using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing created Shank3 mutant dogs – laboratory dogs who have been genetically modified to carry a mutation in the Shank3 gene, which is strongly associated with autism spectrum disorders in humans – to allow researchers to study autism-like behaviours in a controlled environment. 

However, a recent survey on more than 4,000 dogs revealed that the prevalence of canine behaviour problems was as high as 85 percent of those surveyed, suggesting that many behavioural issues in dogs likely have diverse underlying causes, rather than stemming from a singular, autism-like neurological condition. 

The key distinction is that CDB describes what we observe rather than diagnosing an underlying autism spectrum condition, since dogs cannot be definitively diagnosed with autism as we understand it in humans. Current research is still exploring whether CDB represents an underlying neurological condition or is simply a way to categorise certain behavioural patterns we observe in dogs.

Canine Cognitive Dysfunction (CCD)

Another related term, ‘canine cognitive dysfunction’ (CCD), is used to describe a set of behaviours that we associate with dementia in humans. Some of these behaviours are also associated with ASD in humans. CCD affects 14–35 percent of dogs over eight years old and represents age-related cognitive decline rather than a developmental condition.

Common ASD-like behaviours displayed in dogs: signs to look out for

It’s important to note that not all dogs exhibiting behaviours we associate with ASD in humans will be categorised under CDB or CCD. These terms are used to group behaviours rather than provide official diagnoses in the traditional sense. More importantly, each behaviour should be considered individually along with its potential causes, rather than relying on broad categorical terms.

Some behaviours could be triggered by other causes entirely. For example, increased anxiety can sometimes result from an underlying medical condition or new onset of pain. If you’re concerned about unusual behaviours from your pup, speak to a vet to rule out any underlying causes before considering behavioural categorisation.

That being said, there are some typical habits that constitute what humans might group into ASD-like behaviour. Being less inclined to have social interactions, not exhibiting typical dog behaviours such as making eye contact, directing paw movements, responding to pointing gestures, displaying repetitive behaviours, increased anxiety or aggressive tendencies can all be examples of ASD-like behaviour, explains Caroline.

According to Dr Dench, autism-like behaviours in dogs that might be categorised as CDB include:

• Persistent and repetitive actions.

• Issues with social interaction with humans or dogs.

• Unusual responses to sensory stimuli.

• Compulsive pacing, fixed routines or rituals.

• Indifference to cues.

• Hypersensitivity to touch or sounds.

“Observing your dog’s reaction to new environments or changes in routine can also provide clues,” says Dr Dench. Overall, your dog may be less sociable, struggling with certain situations or learning new things.

Behavioural changes don’t necessarily mean your dog has CDB

When our beloved dogs act out of the ordinary, it’s only natural to worry and wonder why – but it’s important not to jump to conclusions. Unusual behaviours – even the ones mentioned – won’t always mean that your dog fits the CDB category, and there are a number of factors that could influence your dog’s behaviour, explains Caroline.

Sometimes, your dog’s behaviour might stem from discomfort, pain or another underlying health issue. One 2020 study found that up to 80 percent of behavioural problems in dogs have an underlying medical component. These can lead to behaviours such as withdrawal and hiding or avoiding social interaction, which might look like CDB, but could be something entirely different.

If your dog’s behaviour has changed, consulting your vet should always be your first step. They’ll be able to rule out potential causes such as deficiencies, thyroid issues or gut health concerns. 

A full health check, including blood tests, is often recommended to get to the bottom of the issue. Sometimes, the answer isn’t as simple as a behavioural categorisation but a deeper health-related concern that can be managed or treated.

Do vaccines play a role in diagnosing ASD-like behaviour in dogs?

The British Veterinary Association has debunked the link between vaccinations and autism in dogs. “There is no scientific evidence to support a link between vaccines and autism in dogs,” says Dr Dench. “The benefits of vaccinations in preventing serious canine diseases far outweigh the unproven risks of inducing autism-like symptoms.”

In a US survey, 37 percent of dog owners believed that canine vaccination could cause their dogs to develop autism, reflecting similar debunked concerns about human vaccination. A 2023 study showed 53 percent of people exhibiting some hesitancy to dog vaccination in the US.

How to help your dog live their best life

If you’re concerned about your dog’s behaviour, a visit to the vet is always the first port of call, particularly to rule out any underlying medical causes or deficiencies. Once any health concerns are addressed, there are many ways to provide your dog with the extra care and support they might need.

“It’s essential to approach this topic with an open mind and a commitment to the health and well-being of our canine companions,” highlights Dr Dench.

If you feel like your dog might need some extra TLC, ASD-like behaviours or not, there are a few expert-backed things you can do to support them:

• Structure: a structured environment, routine and regular training sessions can significantly reduce stress and improve confidence in dogs.

• Training: a specialised training programme that includes techniques for sensory processing can improve your communication with your dog.

• Environment: make sure your dog has a dedicated, calm space for them to retreat to at home, an environment that makes them feel safe.

• Rest: good quality sleep and rest is critical in reducing cortisol (the stress hormone) levels and improving overall well-being.

• Encouragement: inspire your dog to engage with you and the world by offering positive opportunities for exploration and activity.

• Space: allow them space and time to process and think about how they want to react in certain situations.

If your dog needs extra help, reaching out to an animal behaviourist who specialises in ethical, force-free techniques, can be invaluable. Pairing this with guidance from a vet who understands behavioural issues ensures you’re taking a holistic approach to your dog’s care.

Simple changes can make a big difference

Small changes to your dog’s daily life can also work wonders. “Optimism is a great thing for us to encourage in our dogs,” says Caroline. “Activities such as scent work or playing calming music can help change how your dog feels about the world.”

Whether your dog is struggling with specific behaviours or just needs a little extra TLC, the right combination of veterinary support, structure and loving attention can help them lead a more positive and fulfilling life.

References

​​” Autism Statistics.” National Autistic Society, autism.org.uk.

British Veterinary Association. “UK’s Leading Veterinary Body Debunks Link Between Canine Autism and Vaccination.” BVA News, 15 Nov. 2018.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. “Key Findings: Estimated Number of Adults Living with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the United States, 2017.” CDC, 16 May 2024.

Fast, Caitlin D., et al. “Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Non-Pharmacological Interventions for Behavioral Problems in Dogs.” Animals, vol. 13, no. 6, 2023, article 1044. 

Landsberg, Gary M., et al. “Cognitive Dysfunction Syndrome: A Disease of Canine and Feline Brain Aging.” Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, vol. 42, no. 4, 2012, pp. 749-768.

Lefebvre, Dorothea, et al. “Metformin for Treatment of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction: A Feasibility Study.” Animals, vol. 12, no. 8, 2022, article 1021.

Salvin, Hannah E., et al. “Under Diagnosis of Canine Cognitive Dysfunction: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Older Companion Dogs.” Veterinary Journal, vol. 184, no. 3, 2010, pp. 277-281.

Salvin, Hannah E., et al. “The Canine Cognitive Dysfunction Rating Scale (CCDR): A Data-Driven and Ecologically Relevant Assessment Tool.” Veterinary Journal, vol. 188, no. 3, 2011, pp. 331-336, 

Serpell, James A., and Deborah L. Duffy. “Aspects of Juvenile and Adolescent Environment Predict Aggression and Fear in 12-Month-Old Guide Dogs.” Frontiers in Veterinary Science, vol. 3, 2016, article 49.

Tardif, Colleen, et al. “Vaccine Hesitancy Among Pet Owners in the United States: A Cross-Sectional Survey.” Vaccine, vol. 41, no. 42, 2023, pp. 6198-6207. 

Zhu, Feifei, et al. “Impaired Synaptic Function and Hyperexcitability of the Pyramidal Neurons in the Prefrontal Cortex of Autism-Associated Shank3 Mutant Dogs.” Molecular Autism, vol. 15, 2024, article 9.

Huang, Min, et al. “Targeting Shank3 Deficiency and Paresthesia in Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Brief Review.” Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, vol. 16, 9 Feb. 2023.

Mills, Daniel S., et al. “Pain and Problem Behavior in Cats and Dogs.” Animals, vol. 10, no. 2, 1 Feb. 2020, p. 318.