Everything You Need to Know About Pancreatitis in Dogs
Make sure your dog doesn’t over-indulge and develop this potentially life-threatening disease
Throughout the year, I see many dogs in the ER because of stomach problems. Birthday parties, summer barbecues and festive dinners are prime times for dogs to not only score more food than usual, but often, food that doesn’t agree with them. These indulgences can lead to developing pancreatitis, a potentially life-threatening disease. Keep reading to learn what pancreatitis in dogs is, the signs to lookout for, and how to seek the best treatment.
What is pancreatitis in dogs?
Put simply, pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that can be either acute (comes on quickly) or chronic (develops over time). Before getting into how and why that inflammation happens, it’s helpful to understand what the pancreas is and what exactly it does.
The pancreas sits just under the stomach, along the first part of the small intestine. The pancreas has two main jobs: it secretes digestive enzymes to help break down food in the small intestine, and it secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon to regulate the body’s blood glucose (sugar) levels. When a dog develops pancreatitis, the digestive enzymes are the problem. Inflammation occurs when the digestive enzymes are activated within the pancreas itself, before they get to the GI tract, and begin to digest, irritate and harm this small organ, as well as nearby organs and tissues.
As inflammation and tissue destruction continue, damage begins to spread to the liver. If not treated quickly, toxins released during this process circulate more broadly, causing a body-wide inflammatory response. If the dog’s pancreas becomes severely compromised, it may not be able to produce insulin as well, which can result in diabetes. The good news is that usually, the inflammation is confined to the liver and pancreas, and with vet help, most dogs make a full recovery from acute pancreatitis.
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What are the signs of pancreatitis in dogs?
The classic symptoms of pancreatitis can include:
nausea
fever
abdominal pain
depression
For dogs with chronic pancreatitis, symptoms may develop slowly over time, making it more difficult to diagnose. In addition to the symptoms above, a dog may hunch their back or take a ‘praying’ position (rear in the air and head on the floor, similar to a play bow). Other possible symptoms of acute pancreatitis include difficulty breathing and shock; left untreated, a dog could die. To be clear, pancreatitis is a serious illness and requires immediate vet care to prevent life-threatening consequences. DIY treatments are not recommended.
What causes pancreatitis in dogs?
In most cases, the cause of pancreatitis in dogs is unknown. But we do know some things that may trigger it:
High-fat foods
A high-fat diet, or eating a large serving of fatty foods, especially human foods. (Think uncooked bacon, poultry skin, gravy or a fatty piece of meat.)
Dietary indiscretions
Indiscriminate eating habits such as scavenging for food off the pavement.
Pancreatic duct backflow or obstruction
Reflux or blockage of the organ’s enzyme ducts.
Hormonal imbalances
Most commonly canine diabetes, hypothyroidism and high calcium levels.
Toxins
Certain drugs, including those used in chemotherapy treatment and the anti-seizure medication potassium bromide. (Steroids were once thought to trigger the condition, but this appears not to be true. Exposure to organophosphate insecticides has also been implicated.)
Trauma to the pancreas
Blunt trauma, such as being hit by a car, or even surgical manipulation.
Genetic predisposition
In particular, Miniature Schnauzers (who often have an altered fat metabolism), Miniature Poodles, Cocker Spaniels and some Terrier breeds. (Older and overweight dogs may be more predisposed as well.)
How is pancreatitis in dogs diagnosed?
One way vets diagnose dogs with pancreatitis is through a blood test. However, often a combination of diagnostic testing is needed as blood testing does not always give the full picture or a definitive answer.
Ultrasound is another tool that veterinarians use to diagnose pancreatitis, and it also provides an opportunity to look at other organs. Pancreatitis may be accompanied by a tumour near the pancreas, therefore ultrasound is an important tool for catching additional complicating factors. I discuss and recommend this diagnostic tool for patients presenting with signs consistent with pancreatitis.
How is pancreatitis in dogs treated?
Pancreatitis can be a very painful condition for dogs, and pain management is crucial for the dog’s recovery and treatment. Affected dogs are often hospitalised for IV fluids (often with electrolytes), pain medication, anti-nausea medication and supportive care, along with regular blood testing to monitor their progress. Untreated pain affects the immune system, and can increase the risk of further complications. In severe cases, a plasma transfusion may be needed.
In the past, food would be withheld for a period following a pancreatitis diagnosis, however it is now thought to be better to feed the patient. Pancreatitis is usually a sterile inflammation, however if infection is suspected to be introduced to the pancreas or another organ, then antibiotics may be prescribed.
How long does it take a dog to recover from pancreatitis?
Recovery from pancreatitis begins after about two to three days, but can be prolonged. A low-fat diet is usually recommended to minimise pancreatic stimulation. Pancreatitis resolves rather than is cured; with treatment, the body heals itself. There’s always potential for the pancreas to become inflamed again, therefore long-term use of a low-fat diet tends to be recommended to reduce the risk of recurrence.
How can pancreatitis in dogs be prevented?
Pancreatitis can be a very severe and painful disease. To avoid pancreatitis being triggered or flaring in your dog, take these simple steps:
Keep your countertops clear. Even the most well-behaved dog can be tempted by food left out.
Avoid kitchen hazards. This includes promptly disposing of rubbish and food waste in a secure container.
Avoid rich treats and ensure any diet changes are gradual.
Book regular vet checks for health screening, to manage your dog’s weight and to ensure any chronic diseases are under control.
Help your dog stay fit with appropriate exercise and a healthy diet.
