What Are Cat Pheromones and How Do They Work?

Cat pheromones are used to mark territory, attract mates, and communicate other important messages. Synthetic cat pheromones are available in a variety of products that can be used to help cats feel safe and secure, and to reduce stress and anxiety.

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What are cat pheromones?

Pheromones are chemical substances that affect animal behavior and emotion. Cats use pheromones as one of many possible methods to communicate with each other. Cats release pheromones by scratching, urinating, or rubbing themselves on various surfaces. Mother cats also release pheromones from their mammary glands to let their kittens know they’re safe. Pheromones relay information about a cat’s identity and reproductive state.

When cats encounter pheromones, they detect the chemicals with their vomeronasal organ (VMO). The vomeronasal organ is a sensory organ located in a cat’s nasal cavity with ducts that connect to the front of their hard palate. When a cat senses that they’ve encountered pheromones, they will try to gain more information by licking their nose or scrunching up their face in an effort to get more of the scent to their VMO. This is called a flehmen response. 

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The flehmen response is a voluntary behavior. It involves a cat opening their mouth, lifting their lips, and staring off as if they’re deep in thought. It can look like a sneer or a grimace. So if a cat is suddenly making a “who farted?” face, they may have detected another cat’s pheromones.  

What are the types of cat pheromones?

Different types of cat pheromones will elicit different responses in cats. Pheromones are typically grouped together by how they work instead of what they’re made of. These are the major categories of cat pheromones. 

Feline facial pheromones

Feline facial pheromones are the “feel good” pheromones that make kitties feel happy and safe. These have been broken down into five subcategories — F1 through F5 — but the function of every subcategory is still not known. 

• F1 (function unknown)

• F2 (male sexual behavior): Male cats will rub their face on objects to attract mates. 

• F3 (territorial behavior): Cats will mark objects and areas that they commonly encounter.

• F4 (tactile communication): Cats will mark individuals, including humans and other animals, that they consider to be familiar. This is done in the form of “allorubbing” (rubbing themselves on one another) or “allogrooming” (grooming one another).

• F5 (function unknown)

Cat-appeasing pheromones

Cat appeasing pheromones, sometimes called mother cat pheromones, are produced by the mother during lactation. Sebaceous glands around a mother cat’s nipples release these pheromones soon after she gives birth until soon after the kittens are weaned. Cat appeasing pheromones help kittens feel comforted and form bonds with their mother, each other, and anyone their mother marks as “safe.”

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Feline interdigital semiochemical

Cats also produce a feline interdigital semiochemical with the glands on their paws. When cats scratch and “make biscuits” on a surface, they leave scents behind that mark their territory. The scratches themselves also serve as a visual cue that the cat has claimed the area. 

Male cat pheromones

Male cats will often use urine spraying to mark their territory and communicate with other neighboring cats. Male cat pheromones communicate to female cats that a potential mate is nearby. They also send messages to other male cats that a potential competitor has been around. Aggressive tomcats may take this as an invitation to fight, while more submissive cats can take this as a cue to scram. 

How are pheromones used to affect cat behavior?

Researchers have discovered clear links between pheromones and feline behavior. Some manufacturers have taken advantage of this by creating synthetic pheromones to help alter cat behavior. 

Using pheromones to reduce stress and anxiety in cats

Synthetic pheromones can help reduce stress and anxiety in cats. Feline facial pheromones are used to make objects and environments feel more “familiar.” They also have a calming effect on some cats, allowing them to adjust more easily to stressful situations or unfamiliar places. Synthetic feline facial pheromones can be used to reduce urine spraying, furniture scratching, compulsive grooming, and hiding. 

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Using pheromones to promote healthy social behavior in cats

Cat appeasing pheromone can be used to calm cats in multi-cat households. The cat-appeasing pheromone is naturally released by a mother cat to make her kittens feel safe, secure, and bonded. The synthetic cat-appeasing pheromone is used to decrease tension between cats and make them feel more familiar and bonded to each other. It can also help when introducing a new cat. The cat-appeasing pheromone is often used in an effort to reduce fighting for space, attention, and resources (food guarding). 

What are the benefits of using cat pheromone?

There are many potential benefits to using cat pheromones. Many cat parents turn to synthetic cat pheromones to encourage relaxation, reduce inter-cat aggression, or curb nuisance behaviors. While some cat parents have had great success with feline pheromones, results vary. Situations where a cat may benefit from pheromones include:

• Stressful environmental changes (like new people, places, or pets)

• Introducing a new cat

• Anxiety-inducing car rides (including trips to the vet)

• Unwanted scratching

• Inappropriate urination

• Aggressive behavior towards people or other pets

• Extreme fear of people or other pets

• Separation anxiety

What are products that use cat pheromones? 

Synthetic cat pheromones are available in multiple modalities, so cat parents can choose whichever seems best for their cat.

Pheromone diffusers for cats

A diffuser is a device that disperses pheromones into the air. Pheromones diffusers for cats should be used in the room where a cat spends the most time. When placed properly, the diffusers can cover a pretty large area (up to 700 square feet) and last anywhere from four to six weeks. Pheromone diffusers are formulated for both single-cat and multi-cat households. 

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Cat pheromone sprays

Cat pheromone sprays offer convenience by providing pheromones in travel form. Cat pheromone sprays can be used to pre-treat travel carriers before car rides. They can also spot-treat problem areas, like furniture that cats are scratching or areas chosen for inappropriate urination. The sprays can quickly create a calming environment and mark objects as claimed (so your cat doesn’t feel the need to mark them). Keep in mind that pheromone sprays are made for objects, not to be sprayed directly onto cats. 

Pheromone wipes 

Cat pheromone wipes are similar to sprays in that they can be applied directly to objects to make them more appealing for relaxation and less appealing for scratching and urination. Pheromone wipes are not to be used directly on cats. 

Pheromone cat collars

Cat parents looking for a “put it on the cat” option may opt for a cat pheromone collar for behavior modification or stress reduction. Cat pheromone collars slowly release pheromones over a period of weeks. This is an option for kitties who travel, go outdoors, are engaging in nuisance behaviors (scratching or urinating), or are experiencing a major change in their environment. 

FAQs (People also ask):

Do cat pheromones work on humans?

Cat pheromones are not detectable by humans and do not have any effect on human behavior. Cats will choose to communicate with their people in other ways. 

What do cat pheromones smell like?

Cat pheromones do not have odors that are detectable by humans. When using synthetic pheromone products, the carrier oils or other ingredients in the product may have a faint odor. 

References:

• Evaluation of the Efficacy of an Appeasing Pheromone Diffuser Product vs. Placebo For Management of Feline Aggression in Multi-Cat Households: a Pilot Study

• The Vomeronasal Organ

• Tools For Managing Feline Problem Behaviors: Pheromone Therapy

• The Effect of Feline Interdigital Semiochemicals With Primers in Relation to Scratching Marking